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[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]

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Live Text Access: Training for real-time
intralingual subtitlers.

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This is Unit 2.
Linguistic competences.

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Element 3. How to cope
with speech related challenges?

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Accessible communication
and Plain Language strategies

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Created by UAB and SSML

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The learning outcomes for this unit are:

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to describe the concepts of accessible
communication and Plain Language,

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apply recommendations
for text simplification in line

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with current Easy and Plain Language
guidelines,

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apply Plain Language guidelines
for accessible subtitles.

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In this unit we will be dealing
with the following points:​

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Accessible communication,
recommendations for text simplification,

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Plain Language
in real-time intralingual subtitles

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and we will finish with a summary.

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Accessible communication.

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To make communication accessible,

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the barriers that prevent access
to the content have to be removed.

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The prerequisite
for removing the barriers

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is to have better information

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about which groups react
to the different text features

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and in what way.

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If the text is too complex
on any language level

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and users need longer
to perceive and comprehend,

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this will have negative effects
on comprehension.

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However, information reduction
in accessible communication

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is not always well-received

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In subtitling, demands from deaf users
not to cut out information are often.

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The situation in audiovisual translation,
however, is special

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as the source texts remain present
in the target situation

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and deaf users can partly understand
what is being said

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through lipreading and thus expect
those words to appear in the subtitle.

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Easy and Plain Language Language
are forms of accessible communication

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that place an emphasis
on comprehensibility.

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If the source text is too technical
or contains too much information

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Easy and Plain Language strategies
might help to improve the comprehension.

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Plain Language.

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“A communication is in Plain Language
if its wording, structure, and design

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are so clear that the intended audience
can easily find what they need,

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understand what they find,
and use that information”.

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according to Eugeni and Rotz, 2017.

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Plain Language.

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Some basic principles are: 

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active verbs are preferred.

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use the forms 'you' and ‘we’,

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use words that are appropriate 
for the reader,

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don't be afraid to give instructions,
avoid nominalisations,

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and use lists where appropriate.

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Some examples of Plain Language
would be the following:

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A bad example:

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We would like to ensure

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that we are prepared to implement
the necessary steps

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required to control an outbreak
of an infectious disease

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that represents a risk to patients,
employees,

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and others associated with our clinics.

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This can be turned into a good example
as follows:

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We want to make sure 
that we are ready to control

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an outbreak of an infectious
disease in our clinics.

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Recommendations
for text simplification.

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Simplification of subtitles
following E2R recommendations

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according to Inclusion Europe guidelines

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include the following points:

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Do not put too much information 
on the screen.

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Consider adding name labels
to identify speakers when necessary.

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Apply Easy 
and Plain Language principles.

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to simplify the information 
on the screen.

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If possible, each line
should be a full sentence.

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In terms of technical aspects
text simplification would be:

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Use sans serif font types
with a large font size

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without interfering with the picture.

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Maximum two of lines, 
in sensatim subtitles.

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Provide enough time
to read the subtitles.

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Check contrast between subtitles
and the background,

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Do not change the position
of the subtitles.

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If possible ensure that video and sound
have high quality.

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Further consideration are:

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when possible provide subtitles

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in combination
with other accessibility services,

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such as audio description
and audio subtitles.

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Provide information about content, speakers, characters, location

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already in advance.

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The role of end-users.

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If possible and mainly after delivering
the service,

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try to involve end-users for the validation
of acceptability and comprehensibility.

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Plain Language in real-time
intralingual subtitles.

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Eugeni and Rotz, 2017 
provide the following guidelines

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tp apply Plain Language
in realtime intralingual subtitling:

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First, express one concept 
per paragraph,

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Second, prefer short sentences,
maximum one verb, if possible.

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Third, use punctuation
only to discriminate sentences,

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Fourth, use coherence 
whenever possible.

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Fifth, prefer linear syntax.

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Sixth, prefer active form.

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Seventh, avoid anaphora and cataphora.

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Eight, avoid ambiguous words
and technicalities.

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Ninth, avoid acronyms.

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Tenth, avoid colloquial
or typically culture-oriented terms.

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An example of Plain Language
in real-time intralingual subtitling:

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Source Text: John,
whom I have been knowing since ages,

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is a good friend who will come
and visit me at my parents’ house.

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This could be turned
into Plain Language as follows:

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John is a good friend of mine.
I know him since we were boys.

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He will come and visit me
at my parents’ house.

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Aim: The main aim 
of providing Plain Language

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is to increase the comprehensibility
of the subtitles.

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Summary

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As a summary we would like to stress
the following points:

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Barriers that prevent access
to the content have to be removed.

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Recommendations
for text simplification

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in line with Easy
and Plain Language guidelines

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take into consideration both,
linguistic and technical aspects.

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The involvement of end-users
is important

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to validate acceptability
and comprehensibility of the subtitles.

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Already existing Plain Language guidelines

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apply in real-time intralingual
subtitling practices.

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Exercises.

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The exercises for this video lecture
are in the trainer’s guide

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and the PowerPoint file.

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[ELECTRONIC MUSIC]